What is a Fascist?

“fFascist” has become increasingly common, often used in heated political debates or to describe authoritarian tendencies. But what does it really mean to be a fascist? Understanding what defines fascism—and by extension, what makes someone a fascist—requires a look back at the origins of this ideology, its defining characteristics, and how it has evolved.

Origins of Fascism: Where it All Began

Fascism as a political ideology first emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in Italy under Benito Mussolini, who coined the term “fascismo” from the Latin word fasces, a symbol of strength through unity. Fasces were ancient Roman bundles of rods bound together, often with an axe, symbolizing power and authority. Mussolini adopted this symbol to convey the idea of strength in collective unity and loyalty to the state.

Mussolini’s movement quickly spread, inspiring leaders in other countries, most notably Adolf Hitler in Germany. Though each regime had its unique elements, both Italian and German fascism shared core beliefs that defined the ideology and became essential to what we recognize as fascism today. Since then, fascism has evolved, becoming a term for extreme authoritarian nationalism.

Core Characteristics of Fascism

To understand what makes someone a fascist, it’s crucial to break down the defining traits of fascism as an ideology. While there are variations depending on the time period and specific regime, these are the common traits:

Authoritarianism and Totalitarian Control
Fascism advocates for a strong, centralized government led by a single ruler, often a dictator. In fascist regimes, the state holds absolute power over every aspect of society, including the economy, media, education, and private lives of citizens. There’s a complete rejection of democracy and individual rights in favor of total loyalty to the state.
Nationalism and Cultural Supremacy
Fascism promotes an extreme form of nationalism, often grounded in the belief that one’s nation is superior to others. This can lead to policies that restrict immigration or persecute ethnic minorities in the name of protecting the “purity” of the nation’s culture. In Nazi Germany, this nationalism turned into an ideology of racial supremacy, leading to catastrophic consequences.
Glorification of Violence and Military Power
Fascist ideology often glorifies militarism and violence as means to strengthen the nation. War is viewed as a necessary act for achieving national goals, and fascist regimes frequently maintain large militaries and use force to suppress opposition. In fascist thought, a powerful, united military reflects the strength of the state and its leader.
Opposition to Liberalism, Socialism, and Communism
Fascism fundamentally opposes liberalism, socialism, and communism, viewing them as weak or divisive ideologies that undermine national unity. This often leads fascists to persecute left-wing political opponents, intellectuals, and activists to suppress any opposition. While fascism may use populist rhetoric to gain support, it ultimately rejects egalitarianism, advocating instead for a strict hierarchy within society.
Cult of Personality and Leader Worship
Fascist regimes are typically centered around a charismatic leader who is portrayed as the savior of the nation. This leader is often idolized to an almost godlike level, and any opposition or criticism is met with severe consequences. Propaganda is heavily used to create an image of the leader as infallible and to enforce loyalty among citizens.

Who is Considered a Fascist?

A fascist can be defined as someone who advocates for these core beliefs and is willing to enforce them through any means necessary, including violence. Fascists believe in a strong, authoritarian state where individual freedoms are sacrificed for the collective good, as defined by the ruling authority.

In modern usage, the term “fascist” is often used more loosely, sometimes to describe authoritarian behavior or intolerance without meeting all the strict characteristics of historical fascism. However, for someone to genuinely be considered a fascist, they must typically support:

Authoritarian rule over democratic processes.
Nationalistic or ethnocentric policies.
Rejection of individual rights and liberal values.
Use of violence as a means of achieving political goals.
Unquestioning loyalty to a powerful leader.

Examples and Impact of Fascism

Historically, fascism had devastating consequences, most prominently in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, leading to oppression, war, and genocide. The ideology promoted a culture of fear and submission, turning citizens into subjects under totalitarian rule. Today, the impact of fascism serves as a reminder of the dangers of unchecked authority and intolerance toward diversity in political thought or culture.

How Fascism is Perceived Today

In contemporary politics, the term fascist is sometimes used as a derogatory label to criticize authoritarian tendencies, even in democratic societies. However, political scientists emphasize that true fascism entails specific elements like rejection of democracy, militarism, and racial or cultural supremacy.

Modern-day movements with authoritarian or ultra-nationalist tendencies may reflect certain aspects of fascism, but it’s essential to distinguish between authoritarian policies and full-fledged fascist ideology. Recognizing these differences helps in making sense of political debates where the term “fascist” is often used without full context.

Conclusion: Fascism as a Warning

Understanding what makes someone a fascist is crucial, not just for historical knowledge but for recognizing how authoritarian tendencies might emerge in modern politics. Fascism’s core values—authoritarianism, nationalism, and the rejection of liberal ideals—remain a stark warning of the dangers posed by intolerance and the suppression of individual freedoms.

To learn more about fascism, its history, and its impact, you can explore this in-depth article by the Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism.

Is Donald Trump a Fascist?

he discussion on whether Donald Trump should be labeled a “fascist” or simply an “authoritarian” is nuanced. While “fascism” is often used broadly, certain characteristics can help identify fascist movements distinctly from authoritarian ones. Here’s a breakdown of five defining elements of fascism, explaining how they differ from authoritarianism and what makes them particularly concerning:

Rejection of Democracy in Favor of a Strongman: Authoritarianism relies on a strong leader for social stability, but fascism takes this further by positioning the leader as the embodiment of the people’s will. This can be seen in declarations such as “I am your voice” and “I alone can fix it,” suggesting that the leader, rather than democratic processes, determines society’s needs.
Stoking Rage Against Cultural Elites: While authoritarians may collaborate with elites to maintain order, fascists typically fuel resentment against them, blaming cultural elites for undermining “ordinary” citizens. This tactic mobilizes followers to actively seek revenge on these elites, creating mass support for the leader while inciting a sense of collective victimhood and entitlement to retaliation.
Nationalism Based on “Superior” Race and Historic Bloodlines: Authoritarian regimes often emphasize nationalism to consolidate power, but fascists define this nationalism in racial or ethnically superior terms. This ideology pushes fascists to scapegoat, isolate, and even advocate violence against groups they view as disloyal or threatening to the “pure” group identity.
Valorization of Brute Strength and Heroic Warriors: Fascist ideology glorifies strength and war as essential to society’s health, promoting Social Darwinist beliefs where only the “strong” survive. This ideal is reinforced by rhetoric that celebrates power and physical dominance, suggesting that the “weak” are a threat to social progress.
Disdain for Women and LGBTQ+ People: Fascism is built on a hierarchical view that places traditional male roles at the center, viewing any challenge to these roles as destabilizing. Consequently, fascism seeks to suppress or eliminate non-conforming gender roles and sexual orientations, which it perceives as threats to the social order and male dominance.

These elements are interdependent, reinforcing each other in a structure that justifies violence, authoritarian control, and exclusion based on race and gender. The alignment of Trump’s rhetoric and policies with these principles has led some to argue that his approach represents a distinctly American form of fascism, particularly rooted in white Christian nationalism, which many believe has influenced segments of the Republican Party.

Thus, simply calling Trump “authoritarian” may overlook the broader ideology and social dynamics his approach promotes. Fascism, in its historical context, represents not just a preference for strong leadership but a system that fosters division, hierarchy, and control in ways that go beyond mere authoritarianism.