The difference between misinformation and disinformation lies mainly in intent, but its consequences affect societies worldwide. Both involve false or misleading information, yet they operate differently and require distinct responses.
Understanding this distinction is essential for journalists, researchers, activists, and everyday internet users. In an era of algorithmic amplification, AI-generated content, and political polarization, confusing these concepts can weaken fact-checking efforts and public discourse.
This article explains clearly what misinformation and disinformation are, how they spread, why the difference matters, and how to identify each in real-world scenarios.
¿What is misinformation?
Misinformation refers to false or inaccurate information shared without the intention to deceive.
Key characteristics:
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Often shared unknowingly
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Can come from trusted sources
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Usually spreads through social media, messaging apps, or word of mouth
Example:
A person shares outdated medical advice believing it is still accurate.
¿What is disinformation?
Disinformation is false information deliberately created and spread to mislead, manipulate, or cause harm.
Key characteristics:
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Intentional deception
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Often coordinated
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Common in political propaganda, influence operations, and scams
Example:
A fabricated news site publishing fake election results to undermine trust in democracy.
¿Why does the difference matter?
Understanding intent changes how societies respond:
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Misinformation → education, correction, media literacy
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Disinformation → investigation, accountability, regulation
Treating both as the same problem can lead to ineffective or even harmful policies, including censorship that targets users instead of organized manipulators.
¿How do misinformation and disinformation spread online?
Role of algorithms
Platforms reward engagement, not accuracy. Emotional or sensational falsehoods travel faster than verified facts.
AI and automation
Generative AI lowers the cost of producing massive volumes of misleading content, especially disinformation campaigns.
¿How can you tell the difference?
Ask these questions:
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Who benefits from this information?
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Is there evidence of coordination?
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Are credible sources cited?
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Is the content emotionally manipulative?
No single signal is definitive, but patterns matter.
(FAQ)
Is misinformation illegal?
No. It is usually protected speech unless it causes direct harm.
Is disinformation always political?
No. It can be financial, medical, or social.
Can misinformation become disinformation?
Yes. When false information is knowingly reused to deceive.
Why do people spread misinformation?
Lack of knowledge, trust in the source, or emotional reactions.
The difference between misinformation and disinformation is not semantic—it defines responsibility, response, and risk. In digital ecosystems shaped by AI and algorithmic amplification, understanding this distinction is a form of civic literacy.
Fighting falsehoods requires more than fact-checking: it demands structural awareness, media education, and accountability for those who intentionally manipulate reality.
Sources (APA)
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Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder. Council of Europe.
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UNESCO. (2023). Journalism, fake news & disinformation.
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European Commission. (2022). Tackling online disinformation.